67 engineering guides for pipeline design, operations, integrity, and materials
Maximum allowable operating pressure calculations using Barlow's formula with class location, design, and temperature factors.
Circumferential stress analysis for pressurized pipelines using Barlow's equation and pipe wall thickness design.
Specified Minimum Yield Strength percentage calculations for pipeline stress level compliance and class location limits.
Gas pipeline diameter selection based on velocity limits, pressure drop constraints, and erosional velocity criteria.
Pressure drop and flow capacity calculations using Panhandle A/B, Weymouth, and AGA equations for gas transmission.
Span and support calculations for above-ground pipelines including deflection analysis and beam stress formulas.
Highway and railroad crossing design with cyclic stress analysis, soil burial loads, and weld fatigue assessment.
Flexibility analysis, allowable stress ranges, nozzle loads, and sustained vs expansion stress evaluation.
Flotation analysis for submerged pipelines including concrete weight coating, saddle weight, and buoyancy control methods.
Pipeline growth and elongation calculations due to temperature changes, anchor force design, and expansion compensation.
Liquid pipeline diameter selection using Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and velocity constraint methods.
Finger-type and vessel slug catcher design for two-phase pipeline systems including terrain-induced slugging.
Corroded pipeline integrity assessment using modified B31G, RSTRENG, and Folias bulging factor methods.
Negative buoyancy calculations for underwater pipelines including coating selection and weight saddle spacing.
Internal volume calculations for pipeline segments in gallons, barrels, and cubic feet for fill and purge operations.
Internal cross-sectional area calculations for pipe schedules and nominal sizes used in velocity and flow calculations.
Weight per foot calculations for steel pipe including coating weight, insulation, and total installed weight.
ANSI flange class ratings, pressure-temperature tables, and material group derating for flanged connections.
Mean flowing pressure calculations for pipeline segments used in gas property evaluation and compressibility correction.
Pressure design wall thickness calculations per ASME B31.3 and B31.8 including corrosion and mill tolerance allowances.
Piping flexibility design using expansion loops and offsets to accommodate thermal movement without overstressing.
Horizontal directional drilling pullback force calculations including buoyancy, friction, and bend resistance.
Maximum allowable pipe support spacing based on deflection limits, natural frequency, and combined loading.
Road, railroad, and river crossing design including casing requirements, depth of cover, and bore path planning.
Longitudinal, combined, and equivalent stress analysis for buried and above-ground gas transmission pipelines.
Erosional velocity limits and sand production impact on pipeline integrity including API RP 14E methodology.
Pipeline earthquake engineering including ground motion, fault displacement, liquefaction, and seismic restraint design.
Variable and constant spring hanger selection for thermal displacement piping support applications.
Wave speed, Joukowski equation, critical closure time, and surge attenuation methods.
Colebrook-White iteration, Swamee-Jain approximation, Churchill formula, and Moody chart regions.
HGL profiling, slack flow detection, elevation head effects, and liquid pipeline analysis.
Multi-diameter pipeline optimization, transition losses, and cost-effective sizing strategies.
Steel grade optimization along pressure profiles for weight and cost savings.
Liquid flow equations, pipe sizing, and hydraulic design for crude, water, and refined products.
Station placement, hydraulic gradient analysis, NPSH, and economic optimization.
Midpoint injection and stripping effects on downstream flow and pipeline hydraulics.
Surge tank, accumulator, and relief valve sizing for transient pressure protection.
Viscosity-temperature relationships, API gravity, bulk modulus, and vapor pressure correlations.
Internal and external corrosion rate calculations in mils per year including wall loss trending and remaining life estimates.
De Waard-Milliams model for CO2 corrosion prediction with fugacity corrections and protective scale assessment.
Sacrificial and impressed current cathodic protection anode design for pipeline corrosion prevention.
Impressed current rectifier sizing and design for cathodic protection systems including output voltage and current calculations.
Pipe-to-soil potential measurement techniques, CIPS surveys, and cathodic protection criteria evaluation.
In-service welding and hot tap procedures including burn-through prevention, heat input limits, and cooling rate control.
Carbon equivalent calculations, preheat temperature requirements, and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) criteria.
Pigging velocity calculations for cleaning, gauging, and smart pig inspection runs including bypass considerations.
Pig launcher and receiver barrel design, sizing, and trap configuration for pipeline maintenance operations.
Computational pipeline monitoring (CPM) systems, mass balance methods, and RTTM leak detection for pipeline integrity.
Mass flow measurement principles using Coriolis effect for custody transfer and process measurement applications.
Measurement uncertainty analysis for gas custody transfer including ISO 5168 error propagation methods.
Turbine meter operating principles, K-factor linearity, and rangeability for gas measurement applications.
Prover repeatability, Grubbs outlier testing, and meter factor determination per API standards.
Bi-directional and unidirectional prover volume calculations and detector switch placement design.
Manual and automatic tank gauging methods, strapping table development, and tank calibration procedures.
GC calibration procedures, response factor verification, and component analysis per GPA and ISO standards.
Mercaptan injection rate calculations and odorant detection requirements for natural gas distribution safety.
Y-Z odorizer calibration methodology for bypass and injection-type odorant systems in gas distribution.
Hot tap and stopple procedures for flow diversion and pipeline modifications under pressure.
Nitrogen purge and pneumatic pressure test procedures for pipeline commissioning and integrity verification.
Pipeline coating selection, tape wrap application methods, and external corrosion protection systems.
Dewatering, nitrogen purge, and pipeline drying procedures for pre-commissioning moisture removal.
Nitrogen purge and dehydration techniques for removing moisture from newly constructed or repaired pipelines.
Methane migration detection, leak classification, soil permeability effects, and PHMSA reporting requirements.
Drip leg blowdown procedures for condensate removal from low points in natural gas transmission pipelines.
Steel grade selection for sour service, H2S environments, and pipeline material specification per NACE standards.
Electrode and filler metal selection, consumption rates, and welding procedure compatibility for pipeline construction.
Foundation pad and equipment base concrete volume calculations in cubic yards for construction planning.
Flange bolt length calculations, thread engagement, and bolting torque per ASME B16.5 and PCC-1 standards.
Blind flange and paddle blind minimum thickness calculations per ASME Section VIII UG-34 pressure design rules.
Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and stress-strain relationships for pipeline steel grades.
Liquid blowdown and drip leg drain orifice sizing for controlled drainage of pipeline condensate.
Hydrostatic test water volume calculations for pipeline testing, fill planning, and disposal requirements.
Compressed natural gas transport trailer volume and capacity calculations for virtual pipeline operations.
Two-phase pressure drop correlation for horizontal and inclined pipelines with flow pattern determination.
Vertical two-phase pressure drop calculations for well tubing and production riser applications.
Vertical gas well liquid loading prediction and pressure drop calculations for gas condensate production.
Horizontal two-phase flow pattern maps and pressure drop predictions for pipeline gathering systems.
Class 1-4 location factors: 0.72, 0.60, 0.50, 0.40
-850 mV Cu/CuSO4 minimum protection criteria
Smart pig speed: 1-5 m/s (3-15 ft/s) typical