37 engineering guides for facility design, measurement, and utilities
Compressor station layout fundamentals: equipment spacing requirements, setback distances, plot plan design per DOT 49 CFR 192, and facility arrangement best practices.
Equipment spacing fundamentals: API 2510, NFPA 30, fire exposure distances, minimum separation requirements for compressor stations and gas plants.
Electrical area classification fundamentals: Class I Division 1 and Division 2 hazardous areas per NEC 500, API RP 500, and API RP 505 for natural gas facilities.
Electrical area classification fundamentals: API RP 500/505 hazardous area extent, NEC Article 500/505, Class I Div 1/2 vs Zone 0/1/2, and classified area boundaries.
Facility piping standards fundamentals: pipe specifications, fittings, flanges, valves, and material requirements per ASME B31.8, API 5L, and ASTM standards.
Pressure drop in piping fundamentals: Darcy-Weisbach equation, Moody diagram, friction factors, equivalent lengths, K-factors, and Crane TP-410 methods.
Branch reinforcement fundamentals: ASME B31.3 area replacement method, reinforcement pad design, integrally reinforced fittings, and branch connection stress analysis.
Electrical cable sizing fundamentals: NEC ampacity tables, voltage drop calculations, temperature and conduit fill derating, motor circuit sizing, and hazardous area wiring.
Hydrostatic testing fundamentals: ASME B31.3 and B31.8 test pressure calculations, temperature correction factors, test medium selection, and hold time requirements.
Pig launcher and receiver sizing fundamentals: barrel diameter and length, closure types, kicker line sizing, pig trap design per ASME B31.8 and B31.4.
Pipe rack loading fundamentals: dead, wind, and seismic load calculations per ASCE 7 and PIP STC01015. Structural steel selection, span limitations, and LRFD load combinations.
Noise propagation fundamentals: sound pressure and power levels, distance attenuation, barrier insertion loss, OSHA permissible exposure limits, and noise control.
PID tuning fundamentals: Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, IMC/Lambda tuning methods, process dynamics, and practical loop tuning for gas plants per ISA-5.1.
Air permitting fundamentals for natural gas facilities: Clean Air Act, Title V, PSD, minor source permits, emission calculations, and BACT requirements.
Major source threshold fundamentals: CAA Title V permitting, PSD thresholds, HAP emissions, criteria pollutant calculations, and regulatory applicability.
Potential to emit (PTE) calculation fundamentals: maximum capacity assumptions, emission factor sources, enforceable limitations, and regulatory applicability.
Facility Design Compliance Checklist based on DOT 49 CFR 192 and industry standards. Verify compressor station spacing, ESD placement, noise limits, and safety systems.
Orifice meter flow measurement: Bernoulli principle, AGA Report 3 equations, discharge coefficient, beta ratio, and installation requirements.
Venturi meter design per ISO 5167-4: pressure recovery vs orifice, permanent loss calculation, and beta ratio optimization.
Fixed Pressure Factor (FPF) fundamentals for gas measurement: volume correction per AGA-3, AGA-7, and AGA-8 including pressure, temperature, and supercompressibility.
Gas unit conversions: volume units (scf, mcf, mmscf, bcf), standard conditions, mass-volume relationships, and international unit systems.
Engineering unit conversions for pipeline operations: SI and imperial conversion factors, pressure, temperature, gas flow rates per GPSA and API standards.
Energy conversion: BTU, kWh, horsepower, kilojoules, power calculations, efficiency, and fuel consumption rates for gas operations.
Temperature conversions: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, Rankine scales, absolute vs. gauge temperature, thermal expansion calculations, and process design temperature bases.
MCF to MMBTU conversion: natural gas volume to energy calculations, heating values, and measurement standards.
H2S concentration conversions: ppm, mol%, mg/m3, grains/100 scf, toxicity levels, OSHA exposure limits, and NACE MR0175 material requirements.
Linear interpolation methods: linear, bilinear, inverse interpolation, and extrapolation techniques for engineering data tables.
Value extrapolation: linear, polynomial, exponential methods, interpolation vs extrapolation, accuracy limits, and statistical validation techniques.
Horsepower and torque calculations: motor sizing for compressors and pumps, gearbox selection, starting torque, locked rotor current, power factor and efficiency.
Fitting loss calculations: K-factors, equivalent length methods, 2-K and 3-K correlations, CRANE TP-410 standards for pressure drop in valves and fittings.
Instrument air system design fundamentals: ISA 7.0.01 air quality, compressor sizing, desiccant dryer selection, receiver sizing, and dewpoint control.
Gas regulator station design fundamentals: Cv sizing, pressure regulation, relief valve requirements, noise control, and 49 CFR 192 compliance for distribution.
District regulator sizing fundamentals: diversity factors, load estimation, Cv sizing, lockup and droop analysis, and relief valve sizing for gas distribution.
Town border station design fundamentals: TBS layout, pressure regulation, Joule-Thomson cooling, metering, odorization, and 49 CFR 192 compliance.
Gas service line sizing fundamentals: Weymouth and Spitzglass equations, pipe material selection, fitting equivalent lengths, NFPA 54 capacity tables, and 49 CFR 192.
Excess flow valve fundamentals: operating principles, 49 CFR 192.383 federal mandate, EFV sizing methodology, installation requirements, and failure modes.
Facility design per DOT 49 CFR 192 and API standards
Custody transfer accuracy: ±0.5% to ±1.0%
Distribution pressure: 0.25 psig to 60 psig typical