Gas Processing Fundamentals

Air-Gas Blending

Blend air with fuel gas to hit burner specifications, manage flammability, and stabilize heating value without drifting off-spec.

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Primary control

Wobbe Index

Hold within ±5% of burner design value.

Air strategy

10–20% excess

Typical burner range for stable, low-CO operation.

Loop design

Flow + analyzer

Blend valves on air/gas with outlet WI or O₂ trim.

1. Blending Principles
2. Mixture Properties
3. Combustion Requirements
4. Applications
5. Safety Considerations

Use this guide when you need to:

Stabilize burner performance with variable fuel gas.
Pre-dilute rich gas to stay inside flare specs.
Design inerting mixes that avoid the flammable envelope.

1. Blending Principles

Air-gas blending combines air with fuel gas to achieve specific mixture properties for combustion control, flammability management, or dilution purposes.

Fundamental Concepts

Volumetric blending: Gas volumes add linearly at constant T and P
Partial pressures: Each component contributes pressure proportional to its mole fraction (Dalton's Law)
Mass conservation: Total mass = sum of component masses

Design objective

Match burner WI

Blend air to bring rich fuel back inside the burner's ±5% Wobbe band.

Control handles

Air & fuel valves

Pair ratio control with outlet analyzer feedback (WI or O₂ trim) for drift-free operation.

Field check

Velocity > flame speed

Keep mixer velocity above flame speed to avoid flashback when blending near LEL.

V_mixture = V_air + V_gas P_i = y_i × P_total Where y_i = mole fraction of component i

Air and fuel gas blending schematic with flow control valves, static mixer, and analyzer on outlet. — Air-gas blending system with air/fuel control valves, static mixer, flow meters, and outlet analyzer for composition/Wobbe Index.

2. Mixture Properties

Mixture properties are calculated using mole-weighted averages assuming ideal gas behavior.

Property	Calculation	Units
Molecular Weight	MW_mix = Σ(y_i × MW_i)	lb/lbmol
Specific Gravity	SG_mix = MW_mix / 28.97	dimensionless
Density	ρ = (P × MW) / (R × T)	lb/ft³
Heating Value	HHV_mix = Σ(y_i × HHV_i)	BTU/scf
Wobbe Index	WI = HHV / √SG	BTU/scf

Wobbe Index: Key parameter for burner interchangeability. Gases with same Wobbe Index deliver same heat input through a given orifice. Target: ±5% of design value.

Ideal gas check

Z ≈ 1

Acceptable for low/medium pressure pipeline gas; add EOS correction for HP blends.

Analyzer drift

±1–2%

Validate WI or O₂ analyzers with bottle gas before tight combustion tuning.

Blend stability

Static mixer

Short pipe section with static mixer minimizes stratification before analyzer.

3. Combustion Requirements

Complete combustion requires correct air-fuel ratio. Too little air = CO formation and soot; too much air = efficiency loss.

Stoichiometric Air Requirement

For methane (primary component of natural gas):

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O Stoichiometric air = 9.52 scf air / scf CH₄ (Air = 20.95% O₂ by volume)

Component	Stoich. Air (scf/scf)	HHV (BTU/scf)
Methane (CH₄)	9.52	1,012
Ethane (C₂H₆)	16.68	1,773
Propane (C₃H₈)	23.82	2,523
Hydrogen (H₂)	2.39	325

Excess Air

0% excess: Stoichiometric (theoretical minimum)
10–20% excess: Typical industrial burners
30–50% excess: Conservative design for variable fuel composition

Tune

Set stoichiometric base. Calibrate fuel composition, set initial air based on stoich + desired excess.

Trim

Use analyzer feedback. Tie O₂ or WI analyzer to air-valve trim; bias for stable flame over peak efficiency.

Verify

Check emissions + stack temp. Confirm CO/NOx and stack losses at low/high loads; lock in alarm limits.

Combustion efficiency curve versus excess air with peak around 10-15 percent and declining at higher excess air. — Combustion efficiency versus excess air showing peak efficiency near 10–15% excess air and declining performance at higher excess air.

Practical trade-off: Excess air ensures complete combustion but reduces efficiency due to heat loss in flue gases. Optimize based on fuel variability and emissions requirements.

4. Applications

Common Uses

Burner control: Adjusting air-fuel ratio for efficient combustion
Flare systems: Ensuring proper combustion at varying flow rates
Inerting: Diluting flammable gas below LEL for safe tank entry
Fuel gas conditioning: Adjusting heating value or Wobbe Index
Pilot gas: Creating stable ignition source mixtures

Wobbe Index Adjustment

When fuel gas composition varies, air blending adjusts the Wobbe Index to maintain consistent burner performance:

Target: Maintain WI within ±5% of burner design Higher WI gas → Blend with air to reduce Lower WI gas → May need enrichment (propane-air)

Wobbe Index control loop diagram with analyzer, controller, and air blending valve. — Wobbe Index control loop with analyzer feedback to an air blending valve, holding burner WI near setpoint.

5. Safety Considerations

Flammability Limits

Natural gas flammability in air:

LEL (Lower Explosive Limit): ~5% gas in air
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit): ~15% gas in air

Too lean

<5% gas

Safe for entry/inerting; verify with gas detector.

Flammable

5–15% gas

Avoid operation unless system is engineered for ignition control.

Too rich

>15% gas

Above UEL but still treat as hazardous; watch for air ingress.

Methane-air-nitrogen flammability diagram showing LEL, UEL, inerted region, and limiting oxygen concentration. — Methane-air-nitrogen flammability envelope with LEL/UEL bounds, inerted region, and LOC annotation.

⚠ Safe operation: Keep mixture below 50% LEL (2.5% gas) OR above UEL with controlled ignition. Never operate in flammable range without proper controls.

Operational Hazards & Mitigation

Hazard	Mitigation
Flashback	Flame arrestors, maintain flow velocity > flame speed
Incomplete combustion	CO monitoring, maintain excess air, burner maintenance
Mixture variation	Continuous composition monitoring, automatic ratio control
Static ignition	Grounding/bonding, humidity control, flow velocity limits

References

NFPA 86 – Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
API 537 – Flare Details for Refinery and Petrochemical Service
GPSA Engineering Data Book, Section 22 (Combustion)
API 2000 – Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks